Accountants and Auditors (CPAs)
Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), help to ensure that the nation's firms run more efficiently, its public records kept more accurately, and its taxes paid properly and on time. They perform these vital accounting functions by offering a wide array of business and accounting services to their clients. These services include public accounting, managerial accounting, governmental accounting, and internal auditing. However, accountants are broadening their services to include budget analysis, financial and investment planning, information technology consulting, and limited legal services.
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Because accounting is no longer restricted to the fundamental tasks of preparing, analyzing, and verifying financial information for clients, it is now necessary for accountants to possess a wider range of knowledge and skills.
Specific job duties for accountants vary widely among the four major fields of accounting. Public accountants perform a broad range of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients, who may be corporations, governments, nonprofit organizations, or individuals. For example, some public accountants concentrate on tax matters, such as advising companies about the tax advantages and disadvantages of certain business decisions and preparing individual income tax returns. Others are accounting consultants who offer advice in areas such as compensation, employee healthcare benefits, the design of accounting and data-processing systems, and the selection of controls to safeguard assets.
Some specialize in forensic accounting, investigating and interpreting bankruptcies, and other complex financial accounting transactions. Still, other accountants audit clients' financial statements and report to investors and authorities that the statements have been correctly prepared and reported. Public accountants, which include many CPAs, generally have their own businesses or work for public accounting firms.
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Management accountants also called industrial accountants, corporate accountants, or private accountants, record and analyze the financial information of the companies for which they work. Other responsibilities include budgeting, performance evaluation, cost management, and asset management. Usually, management accountants are part of executive teams involved in strategic planning or new-product development. They analyze and interpret the financial information that corporate executives need to make sound business decisions. They also prepare financial reports for non-management groups including stockholders, creditors, regulatory agencies, and tax authorities. Within accounting departments, they may work in various areas, including financial analysis, planning and budgeting, and cost accounting.
Accountants employed by federal, state, and local governments guarantee that revenues are received and expenditures are made in accordance with laws and regulations. Those who are employed by the Federal Government may work as Internal Revenue Service (IRS) agents, or in financial management, financial institution examination, or budget analysis and administration.
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Internal auditing is an increasingly important area of accounting and auditing. Internal auditors verify the accuracy of their organization's records and check for mismanagement, waste, and fraud. Specifically, they examine and evaluate their firms' financial and information systems, management procedures, and internal controls to ensure that records are accurate and controls are adequate to protect against fraud and waste. They also review company operations evaluating their efficiency, effectiveness, and compliance with corporate policies and procedures, laws, and government regulations.
There are many types of highly specialized auditors such as electronic data processing, environmental, engineering, legal, insurance premium, bank, and healthcare auditors. As online computer systems contribute to more timely information, internal auditors help managers to base their decisions on actual data, rather than personal observation. Internal auditors may also recommend controls for their organization's computer system to ensure the reliability of the system and the integrity of the data.
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Computers are rapidly changing the nature of the work for most accountants and auditors. With the aid of unique software packages, accountants summarize transactions in standard formats for financial records and organize data in special formats for financial analysis. These accounting packages greatly reduce the amount of tedious manual work associated with data management and record-keeping.
Personal and laptop computers enable accountants and auditors to be more mobile and to use their clients' computer systems to extract information from large mainframe computers. As a result, a growing number of accountants and auditors have extensive computer skills and specialize in correcting problems with software or in developing software to meet unique data management and analytical needs. Accountants are also beginning to perform more technical duties like developing technology plans and budgets, and implementing, controlling, and auditing systems and networks.
